Fakir dan miskin termasuk golongan yang berhak menerima zakat, sebagaimana disebutkan dalam firman Allah ta’ala,
إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِينِ وَالْعَامِلِينَ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمْ وَفِي الرِّقَابِ وَالْغَارِمِينَ وَفِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَاِبْنِ السَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ
“Sesungguhnya zakat-zakat itu, hanyalah untuk orang-orang fakir, orang-orang miskin, pengurus-pengurus zakat, para mu’allaf yang dibujuk hatinya, untuk (memerdekakan) budak, orang-orang yang berhutang, untuk jalan Allah dan untuk mereka yuang sedang dalam perjalanan, sebagai suatu ketetapan yang diwajibkan Allah, dan Allah Maha Mengetahui lagi Maha Bijaksana.” (QS. At Taubah: 60)
Para ulama banyak berbeda pendapat tentang pengertian fakir dan miskin, yang paling masyhur ada 3 pendapat:
- Keadaan fakir lebih baik daripada miskin.
- Keadaan miskin lebih baik daripada fakir (kebalikan pendapat pertama).
- Tidak ada perbedaan antara pengertian fakir dan miskin, keduanya sama dan membutuhkan.
Imam Al Qurtubi rahimahullah menyebutkan dalam tafsirnya sembilan pendapat ulama tentang pengertian fakir dan miskin. [1] Pendapat yang paling terkenal dan paling kuat – insya Allah – adalah bahwa keadaan fakir lebih membutuhkan daripada miskin, sebagaimana disebutkan oleh Imam Ibnu Katsir dalam kitab tafsirnya. Disebutkan bahwa miskin adalah mereka yang belum memiliki kecukupan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya, sedangkan fakir lebih membutuhkan daripada miskin, karena itulah juga fakir disebutkan lebih awal dalam ayat Al Qur’an. [2]
Ulama mazhab Syafi’iyyah dan Hanbaliyyah membedakan status fakir dan miskin berdalil dengan firman Allah ta’ala,
أَمَّا السَّفِينَةُ فَكانَتْ لِمَساكِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ فِي الْبَحْرِ
“Adapun bahtera itu adalah kepunyaan orang-orang miskin yang bekerja di laut” (QS. Al Kahfi: 79)
Dalam kisah Nabi Musa bersama Khidir alaihimassalam ini disebutkan, bahwa orang-orang yang bekerja di lautan itu adalah kalangan miskin, dan telah diketahui oleh semua, kalau kebanyakan nelayan kehidupan dan pekerjaannya sulit dan keras, lebih melelahkan, dan lebih berbahaya daripada pekerjaan di daratan. Akan tetapi mereka masih memiliki sumber penghidupan, namun tidaklah cukup. Sedangkan fakir, mereka tidaklah memiliki sumber penghidupan. [3]
Syeikh Abdurrahman As Sa’di rahimahullah menyebutkan dalam tafsirnya: “Fakir dan miskin, keduanya adalah golongan yang berbeda pada pembahasan ini, fakir lebih membutuhkan daripada miskin; karena Allah memulai (ayat) dengan menyebut mereka, dan tidaklah Allah memulai kecuali dengan yang lebih penting. Maka fakir ditafsirkan dengan orang yang tidak memiliki apa-apa, atau masih memiliki (kemampuan), namun lebih sedikit dari setengah kebutuhannya. Sedangkan miskin adalah orang yang masih mampu memenuhi separuh atau lebih dari kebutuhannya, namun tidak mencukupi semua (kebutuhannya); karena kalau bisa mencukupi semua, mereka telah disebut kaya. Maka dari itu mereka berhak menerima zakat untuk menghilangkan status fakir dan miskin mereka.” [4]
Diterjemahkan, disusun & diringkas dari:
[1] Abu Abdullah Muhammad Al Qurtubhy. Al Jami’ Li Ahkamil Quran Tafsir Al Qurtubhy. Darul Kutub Al Mishriyyah Cairo. Cetakan 2. 1384 H/ 1964 M. 8/167.
[2] Abul Fida’ Ismail bin Umar Ibnu Katsir. Tafsir Al Qur’an Al Adzim. Darut Taibah. Cetakan 2 tahun 1420 H/1999 M. 4/165.
[3] Abul Fida’ Ismail bin Umar Ibnu Katsir. Tafsir Al Qur’an Al Adzim. Darut Taibah. Cetakan 2 tahun 1420 H/1999 M. 4/165.
[4] Abdurrahman bin Nasir As Sa’di. Taisirul Karim Arrahman Fi Tafsir Kalam Al Mannan. Muassasah Ar Risalah. Cetakan 1 tahun 1420 H/2000 M. hal: 341.
Di Universitas Islam Madinah, Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, Kamis 6 Ramadan 1433 H (7 April 2022 M)
Oleh: Iskandar Alukal, L.c.
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