Hukum Nikah Mut’ah (Kawin Kontrak)

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Mut’ah secara etimologi berarti kelezatan, kesenangan atau kenikmatan. Secara terminologi nikah mut’ah adalah mensyaratkan pernikahan dengan batas waktu tertentu, seperti menikah selama sebulan, setahun, atau dua tahun, lalu jika jatuh tempo, pasangan tertalak dengan sendirinya, baik dia mengetahui pasti waktunya ataupun tidak. [1]

Misalnya seorang laki-laki berkata kepada perempuan yang hendak dinikahi: “Ambillah (mahar) ini sebagai ganti aku bersenang-senang (mut’ah) denganmu dalam kurun waktu tertentu”, lalu diterima oleh pihak wanita itu, maka perkara ini termasuk kategori nikah mut’ah. [2] Termasuk kategori nikah mut’ah ketika seseorang mensyaratkan pernikahan dengan keluar atau masuknya dia dari sebuah negeri, misalnya dengan berkata: “Aku menikahimu jika berada di negara ini, jika aku keluar maka kamu tertalak dengan sendirinya.” [3] Nikah mut’ah di Indonesia biasa disebut kawin kontrak.

Dalil Keharaman Nikah Mut’ah (Kawin Kontrak)

Mayoritas ulama Islam Ahlussunah Wal Jama’ah dari mazhab Hanafiyah, Malikiyah, Syafi’iyyah, Hanabilah dan salaf dari kalangan sahabat dan tabi’in sepakat mengharamkan nikah mut’ah hingga hari kiamat, hanya sedikit yang menghalalkannya, seperti aliran menyimpang Syi’ah. Nikah mut’ah hukumnya halal pada masa awal Islam karena masih dalam masa transisi dari praktik Jahiliyah menuju syariat Islam, kemudian mansukh (diangkat) hukumnya. [4]

Ali bin Abi Thalib radhiyallahu ‘anhu berkata,

إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَعَنْ لُحُومِ الْحُمُرِ الأَهْلِيَّةِ زَمَنَ خَيْبَرَ

“Sesungguhnya Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam melarang nikah mut’ah (kawin kontrak), dan (mengkonsumsi) daging keledai sejak masa (perang) Khaibar.” (HR. Bukhari, sohih)

Pernah datang keringanan kebolehan nikah mut’ah di masa awal Islam setelah diharamkan, seperti saat Fathu Mekah, karena keadaan darurat. Ayah dari seorang sahabat Nabi bernama Ar Rabi bin Sabrah Al Juhany berperang bersama Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam di Fathu Mekah selama 15 hari, dan diijinkan oleh Rasulullah untuk nikah mut’ah, lalu diharamkan kembali untuk selama-lamanya dengan sabdanya,

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنِّي قَدْ كُنْتُ أَذِنْتُ لَكُمْ فِي الاِسْتِمْتَاعِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ حَرَّمَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، فَمَنْ كَانَ عِنْدَهُ مِنْهُنَّ شَيْءٌ فَلْيُخَل سَبِيلَهُ، وَلَا تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا

“Wahai sekalian manusia, sesungguhnya aku telah mengijinkan kalian bermut’ah dengan para wanita, dan sungguh Allah telah melarangnya hingga hari kiamat. Barang siapa diantara kalian yang masih mendapati sesuatu dari mereka, maka harus melepaskannya, dan jangan mengambil apapun dari yang telah kalian berikan kepada mereka (para wanita).” (HR. Muslim, sohih)

Nikah mut’ah diharamkan juga karena pernikahan disyariatkan bukan sekedar untuk memenuhi nafsu syahwat, melainkan memiliki maksud dan tujuan yang bisa sampai melalui jalur pernikahan yang sah, sedangkan sekedar pemenuhan hawa nafsu syahwat tidaklah bisa menyampaikan pada maksud dan tujuan tersebut.

Hukuman Pelaku Nikah Mut’ah Menurut Hukum Islam

Jika seseorang telah terlanjur melaksanakan akad nikah mut’ah, maka akadnya batal, dia tidak dihukum had oleh pihak yang berwenang, melainkan dengan hukuman lain yang sesuai kebijakan hakim (ta’zir). Sedangkan orang yang mengetahui keharaman hukumnya, lalu melakukannya, dia dijatuhi hukuman lebih dari orang yang belum mengetahui keharamannya. [5]

Diterjemahkan, disusun & diringkas dari:

[1] At Tahdzib Fi Fiqhil Imam As Syafii. Abu Muhammad Al Baghawy. Darul Kutub Al Ilmiah. Cetakan 1 1418 H – 1997 M. 5/432. & Dr. Abdul Aziz Azzuhaili. Syarah Umdatul Fiqih. Islamweb.net. 42/10.
[2] Ali Al Jarjani. At Ta’rifat. Darul Kutub Al Ilmiah – Beirut – Lebanon. Cetakan 1 1403 H – 1983 M. Halaman: 246.
[3] Muhammad Ibn Idris As Syafii. Al Umm. Darul Ma’rifah – Beirut. Cetakan tahun 1410 H – 1990 M. 5/85.
[4] Al Mausu’ah Al Fiqhiyyah Al Kuwaitiyyah. Wizaratul Auqaf Was Syu’un Al Islamiyah. Cetakan tahun 1404 H – 1427 M. 2/31 dan 41/333. Abu Zakaria An Nawawi. Al Majmu Syarhul Muhadzab. Cetakan: Darul Fikri. 16/254.
[5] Ibnu Farhun. Tabshiratul Hukkam Fi Ushulil Aqdhiyati Wa Manahijul Ahkam. Maktabatul Kulliyat Al Azhariyah. Cetakan 1 1406 H – 1986 M. 2/254.

Di Universitas Islam Madinah, Kerajaan Saudi Arabia, Rabu 7 Rajab 1443 H (8 Februari 2022 M)

Oleh: Iskandar Alukal
Artikel hukumpolitiksyariah.com

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